Political Platform: | FYEG Political Platform - Glossary |
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Proposer: | Grön Ungdom |
Status: | Screened |
Submitted: | 05/21/2021, 16:06 |
Ä3 to PP2-VII: FYEG Political Platform - Glossary
Political Platform text
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185. Zoonotic diseases: Any infection or disease that is transmitted to humans from animals.
X. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) exists to unify the command structures of the militaries that are a part of it and provide territorial defence to Europe by the United States.
Glossary
1. Ableism: Discrimination or prejudice against disabled individuals or people
who are perceived to be disabled.
2. Alternative text: A written description of an image to help screen-reading
tools explain the image to visually impaired readers.
3. Antimicrobial resistance: A process through which microbes evolve and develop
mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials such as
antibiotics and antifungals. This phenomenon is being accelerated by the massive
use of antimicrobials in intensive animal farming.
4. Antisemitism: A certain perception of Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial
group, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews or discrimination against
them.
5. Antiziganism: Hostility, prejudice, discrimination, or racism specifically
directed at Romani people.
6. Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union: Procedure to suspend certain
rights from Member States of the European Union in the event of a breach of EU
fundamental values.
7. Artificial intelligence (AI): The ability of a machine to complete tasks
which ordinarily require human intelligence.
8. Austerity policies: A set of government-imposed economic policies to reduce
budget deficits. Measures can include tax increases and spending cuts.
9. Autocracy: A system of government in which supreme power over a state is
concentrated in the hands of one person.
10. Banking regulation: Government rules or regulations on how banks and
financial institutions should conduct business.
11. Bioenergy: Energy produced using biomass or biofuels, including energy from
wood or other plants, plant-derived biofuels, and organic waste.
12. Bodily autonomy: The right to govern what happens to one's own body.
13. Capitalism: An economic system in which the means of production are in
private ownership and operated for profit. It is characterised by the
accumulation of capital, investments determined by private decision, and the
fact that prices and the production and distribution of goods are primarily
determined by competition in a free market.
14. Carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM): A proposed tax to be imposed on
certain goods imported from outside the EU, based on their carbon footprint. The
CBAM would reduce emissions and encourage the use of domestically produced
goods.
15. Carbon capture and storage (CCS): A process which attempts to prevent the
release of large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere from
fossil fuel use in power generation and other industries. Waste CO2 is captured,
transported to a storage site, and pumped into underground geologic formations,
where it is securely stored away and thus prevented from reaching the
atmosphere.
16. Carbon neutral economy: An economy that operates without releasing more CO2
than can be absorbed by carbon sinks.
17. Carbon sink: Anything that absorbs more CO2 that it emits. Examples include
areas of vegetation (e.g. forests) and phytoplankton-rich seas, which naturally
absorb the CO2 present in the atmosphere.
18. Carbon tax: A tax paid by businesses that emit CO2 in the course of their
operations.
19. Carbon-intensive industries: Industries that emit high quantities of CO2 and
are responsible for the vast majority of CO2 emissions.
20. Care income: Remuneration received by non-professional carers such as family
members for their care work.
21. Circular economy: In contrast to the linear economy, a circular economy is
designed to eliminate waste, promote the continuous use of resources and
materials, and use finite resources in a sustainable way.
22. Citizen-initiated referendum: A referendum that can be initiated by a group
of citizens as opposed to referendums that are initiated by government and
elected bodies.
23. Civil disobedience: Active and professed refusal to obey certain laws,
governmental demands, or commands. Used as a nonviolent and usually collective
means of political action.
24. Common Agricultural Policy: The agricultural policy of the European Union,
introduced in 1962. It now consists of a system of agricultural subsidies as
well as other programmes.
25. Commons: Cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a
society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth.
These resources are held in common as opposed to being under private ownership.
26. Comprehensive urban planning: A process that determines community goals and
development aspirations as a first step. Areas such as transportation,
utilities, land use, recreation, and housing are all considered.
27. Conversion therapy: The use of any of various methods in an attempt to
change a person’s sexual orientation to heterosexual, or to change a person’s
gender identity to correspond to the sex they were assigned at birth. Conversion
therapy is not based on scientific evidence and is ineffective and harmful.
28. Cooperative business model: A membership-based business model in which a
group of people with a specific need are willing to work together to found and
operate a jointly owned company that will meet that need.
29. Corporate tax: A tax that companies are required to pay on the profits they
make.
30. Corrida: Bullfight.
31. Council of the European Union: Decision-making body of the EU made up of
ministers of EU Member States. Together with the European Parliament, it amends
and approves the legislative proposals of the European Commission.
32. Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU): The judicial branch of the
EU. It ensures that the legislation agreed upon is interpreted and implemented
identically across all Member States, and that such implementation is in
compliance with that legislation. The CJEU also deals with legal disputes
between Member States and the EU institutions and, in certain cases, between
businesses, organisations or individuals and the EU institutions.
33. Cybersecurity: The application of technologies, processes, and controls to
protect systems, networks, programmes, devices, and data from cyberattacks.
34. Debt forgiveness: The total cancelation of debt owed by individuals,
corporations, or states.
35. Degrowth: A concept that critiques a global capitalist system pursuing
growth at all costs, causing human exploitation and environmental destruction.
It advocates for societies to prioritise social and ecological well-being
instead of corporate profits, overproduction, and excess consumption.
36. De-monopolise: Break up existing monopolies.
37. Dichotomy of binary gender: The classification of gender into two distinct,
opposite forms of masculine and feminine, whether by social system or cultural
belief.
38. Digitalisation: The use of digital technologies to improve business
processes. Digitalisation may change business models and provide new revenue and
value-producing opportunities. Also the process of moving to a digital business
model.
39. Dolphinarium: A pool or aquarium for dolphins and other aquatic mammals,
allowing them to be on public display.
40. Doughnut economics: An economic model which places emphasis on balance
between socio-ecological systems and highlights the importance of serving one
without excessively damaging the other, remaining within a safe and just space
for humanity.
41. Dublin system: An EU mechanism that determines which Member State is
responsible for the examination of an asylum application submitted by someone
seeking international protection within the EU under the Geneva Convention.
42. Economic growth: An increase in the production of goods and services,
compared from one time period to another.
43. Economy for Common Good: A social movement advocating for an alternative
economic model. It calls for working towards the common good and cooperation as
values above profit-orientation and competition.
44. Electric pulse fishing: A fishing technique sometimes used which uses
electric shocks to catch fish.
45. Energy poverty: The lack of access to modern energy services.
46. Erasmus: Erasmus+ (formerly known as Erasmus) is a programme to support
mobility and cooperation opportunities in higher education, vocational education
and training, school education, adult education, youth work and sport. Best
known for its university exchange programme.
47. Erasmus+: See Erasmus.
48. EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: Legally binding charter that sets out the
rights and liberties of everyone in the European Union.
49. EU minimum wage scheme: Proposed EU directive on the introduction of a
minimum wage for workers in the European Union to ensure a decent living.
50. EU Rights and Values programme: The programme aims to protect the rights and
values enshrined in the EU treaties by supporting civil society organisations
and encouraging civic and democratic participation.
51. EU4Health programme: The EU’s response to the COVID-19 crisis. The largest
ever EU programme within the health sector, EU4Health aims to increase
preparedness for cross-border health threats, as well as strengthen health
systems across the EU.
52. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML): European
convention for the protection and promotion of languages used by traditional
minorities.
53. European Commission: The executive branch of the European Union. Responsible
for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties,
and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.
54. European Convention on Human Rights: An international convention to protect
human rights and political freedoms in Europe, adopted in the framework of the
Council of Europe and that is enforced by the European Court of Human Rights..
55. European Council: EU institution which defines the general political
direction and priorities of the European Union. It comprises the heads of state
or government of Member States, the Commission president, and the president of
the European Council.
56. European External Action Service (EEAS): The diplomatic service of the EU.
57. European Parliament: Directly elected EU body that has legislative power,
budgetary power, and control over other EU institutions such as the European
Commission.
58. European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO): Independent office responsible
for investigating, prosecuting, and bringing to judgment crimes against the EU
budget.
59. Federal Europe: The transformation of the EU from a confederation (union of
sovereign states) to a federation with a central government.
60. Feminism: A range of social movements, political movements, and ideologies
that aim to establish gender equality in society.
61. Fish aggregating devices: An object used to attract fish such as marlin,
tuna and dolphins. Widely used in the industrial fishing of tuna, it is accused
of increasing the fishing of juveniles, bycatches of sensitive species as well
as creating marine litter.
62. Food security: The ability for all people, at all times, to have physical,
social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets
their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life.
63. Food sovereignty: A concept developed by farmers based on the right of
people to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically
sound and sustainable methods, and the right of communities to control the way
food is produced, traded, and consumed. It could create a food system that is
designed to help people and the environment rather than to generate profits for
multinational corporations.
64. Force-feeding: A feeding technique used in the production of foie gras. A
nutritional substance is given to the goose by means of a small plastic feeding
tube passed through the nose or mouth into the stomach. As a result, their
livers become massively enlarged.
65. Fracked gas: Gas obtained through the use of fracking. Fracking is the
process of drilling down into the earth before a high-pressure water mixture is
directed at the rock to release the gas inside.
66. Freedom of movement: The right to travel, work, and live in a country, as
well as the unconditional right to leave and re-enter.
67. Freedom to stay: The right to remain in the country of one’s choosing.
68. Frontex: The European Border and Coast Guard Agency. An EU agency, Frontex
is responsible for border control of the European Schengen Area, in coordination
with the national border and coast guards of Schengen Area Member States.
69. Gender-based violence: Harmful acts directed at an individual based on their
gender. It is rooted in gender inequality, the abuse of power, and harmful
norms.
70. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Animals, plants, or microbes whose
DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
71. Genital mutilation: A procedure that typically includes the total or partial
excision of external genitalia. Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves the
partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to the
female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is recognised internationally
as a violation of the human rights of girls and women.
72. Genuine progress indicator (GPI): A national-level indicator that provides
information on sustainable economic welfare, rather than just economic activity.
GPI has been suggested to replace or supplement GDP.
73. Geoengineering (also known as climate engineering): The deliberate
manipulation of the Earth's climate to counteract the effects of global warming
from greenhouse gas emissions.
74. Globalisation: The growing integration and interdependence of the world's
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in
goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and
information.
75. Greenwashing: A superficial or insincere display of concern for the
environment, usually in order to gain business advantage.
76. Gross domestic product (GDP): The market value of all the final goods and
services produced within the geographic boundaries of a country within a
specified time period, normally a year.
77. Heteronormativity: A discourse which is based on the assumption that
heterosexuality is the norm and privileges this over any other form of sexual
orientation.
78. Homophobia: A range of negative attitudes and feelings towards homosexuality
or people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian, gay, or bisexual, as
well as systemic discrimination against them.
79. Housing First: An approach to tackling homelessness in which permanent
housing is seen as a person’s first and primary need and is provided without any
preconditions.
80. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A virus that attacks the immune system.
If not treated, HIV can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
81. Human security: A security concept that redirects focus from the security of
states to insecurities in people’s daily lives, such as the threat of hunger,
disease, crime, environmental degradation, and issues related to the labour
market.
82. Illegal pushbacks: Illegal cross-border expulsions without due process.
83. Illiberal democracy: A governing system in which, although elections take
place, citizens are cut off from knowledge about the activities of those who
exercise real power because of the lack of civil liberties.
84. Illiberalism: See “illiberal democracy":
85. Imperialism: The policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and
dominion of a nation, especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by
gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas.
86. Informed consent: Agreement or permission to take a particular course of
action granted in full knowledge of the possible effects or results.
87. International Monetary Fund (IMF): A multilateral institution that lends
money to governments with the aim of stabilising currencies and maintaining
order in international financial markets.
88. Intersectionality: A way of understanding how people’s overlapping
identities impact the way they experience oppression and discrimination.
89. Intersex people: Intersex is an umbrella term for differences in sex traits
or reproductive anatomy. Intersex people are born with these differences or
develop them in childhood. There are many possible variations in genitalia,
hormones, internal anatomy, and chromosome patterns.
90. Islamophobia: A range of negative attitudes and feelings towards people who
practise Islam or are perceived as Muslims, as well as systemic discrimination
against them.
91. Istanbul Convention: The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and
combating violence against women and domestic violence. A legally binding treaty
aiming to put an end to violence against women and domestic violence.
92. Just transition: A framework developed to encompass a range of social
interventions needed to secure workers' rights and livelihoods when economies
are shifting to sustainable production, primarily combating climate change and
protecting biodiversity.
93. Kerosene: A clear flammable liquid primarily obtained from petroleum,
commonly used as a fuel for jet engines.
94. Legalisation of drugs: Drug production and commercialisation is legal under
specific conditions that are controlled by the government.
95. Lethal Autonomous Weapons (LAWs): A type of autonomous military system that
can independently search for and engage targets based on programmed constraints
and descriptions.
96. Level playing field: A state in which conditions in a competition or
situation are fair for everyone.
97. LGBTQIA+: An initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans,
queer, intersex, and asexual, as well as other gender, sexual, or romantic
minorities.
98. Linear economy: An economic model based on the assumption of a constant
supply of raw materials, resulting in a “take-make-dispose” mentality.
99. Mass data retention: The collection and storage of data on individuals and
their online behaviour by governments and businesses .
100. Medically assisted procreation (MAP): A generic term for any of a range of
techniques that manipulate an egg and/or sperm to bring about fertilisation.
101. Metadata: Data that provides information about other data.
102. Militarism: The belief that a country should maintain a strong military
capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national
interests.
103. Monopoly: A company, person or state that has (near) complete control over
the supply of or trade in a commodity or service, meaning that it is impossible
for others to become involved in it.
104. Multilateralism: In international relations, multilateralism refers to an
alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal.
105. Neocolonialism: The use of economic, political, cultural, or other
pressures to control or influence other countries, especially formerly colonised
ones.
106. Neoliberalism: A political and economical ideology, associated with
economic liberalism and free-market capitalism. It supports privatization,
deregulation, free trade, austerity and reductions in government spending.
107. Net neutrality: The principle that internet service providers (ISPs) should
treat all data equally. According to this principle, ISPs may not intentionally
prioritise certain types of online traffic and block or meter others.
108. Nuclear energy: EEnergy that is produced from nuclear reactions.
109. Nuclear fusion: A process in which two or more atoms are combined to form
one or more atomic nuclei and subatomic particles, producing energy. Research is
being funded into the use of this energy in electricity production, for example
through the ITER programme.
110. Open source-based platforms: Software that is publicly licensed and
designed with available source code, granting users the right to use, copy,
study, change, and improve its structure or design.
111. Oppression: Unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power.
112. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): An
international organisation with the mandate to stimulate economic progress and
world trade.
113. Own resources: The EU’s main sources of revenue comprising duties and
levies, value added tax, and national contributions.
114. Palliative care: Medical and related care provided to a seriously ill
patient to manage symptoms, relieve pain and discomfort, improve quality of
life, and meet the emotional, social, and spiritual needs of the patient.
115. Paperless person: A person who does not have any proof of their legal
identity or status.
116. Parental leave: Time off from employment granted to parents to care for a
child following its birth or adoption. Employers are required to hold employees’
jobs for the duration of the leave period. Parental leave is sometimes unpaid.
FYEG supports fully paid parental leave.
117. Paris Agreement: A legally binding international treaty on climate change
mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016. Its primary goal is to
limit the global average temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above
pre-industrial levels, in addition to pursuing efforts to limit the increase to
1.5 degrees.
118. Parliamentary system: A democratic system of governance in which the
executive has the direct or indirect support of a democratically elected
parliament, and is held accountable to that parliament.
119. Participatory budgeting: A process of democratic deliberation and decision-
making in which citizens decide how to allocate part of a municipal or public
budget.
120. Patriarchy: A social system in which men hold primary power.
121. Pesticide: A chemical substance or biological agent used to deter,
incapacitate, or kill certain insects, mammals, wild plants, and other unwanted
organisms.
122. Physical communications infrastructure: The network of interconnected
resources (cables, switches, towers, antennae, etc.) upon which broadcasting,
telecommunication, and internet services are operated.
123. Pink tax: The tendency for products marketed specifically toward women to
be more expensive than those marketed for men.
124. Platform workers: Workers that are put in contact with customers through
online and are paid for each completed task rather than employed through regular
work contracts with social protections.
125. Pluralistic society: A society in which members of diverse ethnic, racial,
religious, and social groups are able to maintain and develop their unique
cultural identities, with the acceptance of the dominant culture, provided these
are consistent with the laws and values of wider society.
126. Poverty line: The minimum level of personal or family income deemed
adequate in a particular country, below which one is classified as poor
according to governmental standards.
127. Presidential system: A system of government in which the president is
constitutionally independent of the legislature and holds most executive power.
128. Privilege: Special status or advantages conferred on certain groups at the
expense of other groups.
129. Productivism: The theory that increasing productivity is the primary goal
of socio-economic activity.
130. Profit maximisation: The process by which a firm determines the price,
input, and output level that returns the greatest profit.
131. Progressive taxation: A tax system based on the taxpayer’s ability to pay.
Low-income earners pay a lower rate of tax than those with higher incomes.
132. Proportional representation: An electoral system in which the number of
seats held by a political group or party within a legislative body is
proportional to the number of votes received.
133. Public housing: Low-rent housing owned, sponsored, or administered by the
state.
134. Qualified majority: One of the voting systems used by the Council of the
European Union to take decisions (the others being simple majority and unanimous
vote). The usual qualified majority is reached when 55% of Member States
representing at least 65% of the total EU population vote in favour. In special
cases, the figure rises to 72% of Member States representing at least 65% of the
EU population.
135. Queer: An umbrella term for gender, sexual and romantic minorities who are
not heterosexual, heteronormative, or gender-binary.
136. Quota (diversity and inclusion): A policy requiring a certain number or
share of minority group members or women on boards, shortlists, etc., in order
to make institutions and businesses more representative.
137. Racialised people: Individuals who have been ascribed a racial identity for
the purpose of continued domination, discrimination, and social exclusion.
138. Racism: The systemic discrimination and oppression of people on the basis
of their supposed membership of particular racial or ethnic groups, built
through the perpetuation of prejudices and the belief that there are different
races, some of which are superior to others.
139. Relocalising the economy: Establishing a network of small businesses in the
local area to fulfil basic needs rather than relying on national or global
corporate monopolies.
140. Repairability: The extent to which an object is able to be repaired.
141. Representative recall: A process through which voters can remove elected
officials before their official terms have ended.
142. Right to be forgotten: The right of an individual to have private
information on them deleted so that third persons can no longer trace them.
143. Right to challenge: An option offered in some countries allowing citizens
to call for a referendum challenging a decision taken by the parliament or the
government.
144. Right to disconnect: The right to digitally disconnect from work without
facing negative repercussions.
145. Right to self-determination: The right for people, based on respect for the
principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, to freely choose
their sovereignty and international political status with no interference.
146. Rule of law: The principle that all persons, institutions, and entities are
subject to the law, including lawmakers, law enforcement officials, and judges.
147. Rule of law mechanism: Preventive tool to promote the rule of law and
provide options in the event of breaches by Member States, for example the
suspension of EU funding.
148. Schengen Area: An area in which all member countries have agreed to abolish
controls at internal borders and create a single external border.
149. Secrecy of correspondence: A fundamental legal principle guaranteeing that
sealed correspondence will not be opened and the content will not be revealed to
anyone but the addressee.
150. Secular state: A state that is neutral in matters of religion.
151. Sixth mass extinction: An ongoing mass extinction event of wildlife on
Earth as a result of human activity, in particular over the last century.
152. Social justice: The objective of social justice is to create a fair and
equal society in which each individual matters, their rights are recognised and
protected and in which wealth is fairly distributed.
153. Social stratification: The hierarchical structures of class and status in
any society.
154. Speculation (financial): Investment, in particular on the housing market,
involving high financial risk but also the possibility of significant gain.
155. Subsidiarity principle: A principle according to which social and political
issues should be dealt with at the most immediate (or local) level that is
consistent with their resolution.
156. Targeted advertising: Internet advertising that delivers customised adverts
to consumers based on their behaviour on the internet.
157. Tax avoidance: The arrangement of one's financial affairs to minimise tax
liability within the law.
158. Tax haven: A country or place which offers foreign individuals and
companies very low tax rates. People choose to live there or register companies
there to avoid paying higher tax in their own countries.
159. Taxation of financial transactions: A tax that is applied to all financial
transactions, just as tax is paid on all other transactions, services, and
goods.
160. Tech giants: The largest and most dominant companies in the information
technology industry.
161. Too big to fail: Companies and business, particularly banks, that are so
interconnected and so large that their failure would have a serious impact on
the economic system, and that therefore require rescuing by governments in the
event of potential failure.
162. Trade union: An organisation formed primarily by workers in order to
represent their rights and interests to their employers.
163. Trans people: People who have a gender identity or gender expression that
differs from the sex that they were assigned at birth. People whose gender
identity matches the sex that they were assigned at birth are referred to as
cisgender or cis people.
164. Transphobia: A range of negative attitudes and feelings towards transgender
people, as well as the systemic discrimination against them.
165. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons: An international agreement to
comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons with the ultimate goal being their
total elimination.
166. Trickle-down theory: A theory according to which financial benefits given
to large businesses and the wealthy will in turn trickle down to smaller
businesses and consumers.
167. Two degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels: One of the
objectives of the Paris Agreement is to keep a global temperature rise well
below this level. Global temperature rises are usually calculated compared to
“pre-industrial levels”, meaning before the unusual rise in global temperature
observed since the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
168. UN 2030 Agenda: A resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly which
focuses on achieving 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aim to end
poverty and hunger, combat inequalities, and create a peaceful, just,
sustainable, and inclusive society.
169. UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural
Areas: Declaration adopted in 2018 by the UN General Assembly which recognises
the rights of farmers and people living in rural areas. These include the right
to nature, seeds, land, water, biodiversity, health, education, and housing, as
well as labour rights and cultural rights.
170. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): An international treaty
signed in 1992 which sets a framework to address climate change at a global
level. Regular international negotiations have been organised under the aegis of
the treaty which led to the adoption, among others, of the Tokyo Protocol and
the Paris Agreement.
171. UN Security Council: One of the six principal organs of the UN system, the
UN Security Council is responsible for maintaining peace and security. Its
resolutions are legally binding.
172. Unanimity: The agreement of all.
173. Unconscious bias: An attitude or stereotype that an individual
unconsciously associates with another person or group of people.
174. Unemployment benefit: A payment made at regular intervals to an unemployed
person.
175. Unilateralism: An approach in which a country decides on a policy or course
of action on its own, without regard to the interests of other states, outside
agreement or support, or reciprocity.
176. Universal basic income (UBI): A periodic payment provided to all on an
individual basis, without means testing or work requirements.
177. Upload filters: Automated decision-making tools that scan files uploaded to
a particular platform in order to determine if these violate the platform’s
guidelines and rules.
178. Uranium: A chemical element widely used in nuclear power plants and nuclear
weapons
179. Vocational colleges: Post-secondary educational establishments that offer
teaching and practical experience in skilled trades.
180. Waste heat recovery: The use of the surplus heat produced by processes
whose main aim is not heat production.
181. Wealth tax: A tax based on the value of the assets owned by a taxpayer.
182. White privilege: The societal privilege that benefits white people over
non-white people in some societies.
183. World Bank: A multilateral financial institution that lends money to
governments and government agencies for development projects.
184. Xenophobia: A range of negative attitudes and feelings towards foreigners
or people who are perceived as foreign, as well as systemic discrimination
against them.
185. Zoonotic diseases: Any infection or disease that is transmitted to humans
from animals.
X. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) exists to unify the command structures of the militaries that are a part of it and provide territorial defence to Europe by the United States.
Insert from line 499 to 500:
185. Zoonotic diseases: Any infection or disease that is transmitted to humans from animals.
X. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) exists to unify the command structures of the militaries that are a part of it and provide territorial defence to Europe by the United States.
Glossary
1. Ableism: Discrimination or prejudice against disabled individuals or people
who are perceived to be disabled.
2. Alternative text: A written description of an image to help screen-reading
tools explain the image to visually impaired readers.
3. Antimicrobial resistance: A process through which microbes evolve and develop
mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials such as
antibiotics and antifungals. This phenomenon is being accelerated by the massive
use of antimicrobials in intensive animal farming.
4. Antisemitism: A certain perception of Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial
group, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews or discrimination against
them.
5. Antiziganism: Hostility, prejudice, discrimination, or racism specifically
directed at Romani people.
6. Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union: Procedure to suspend certain
rights from Member States of the European Union in the event of a breach of EU
fundamental values.
7. Artificial intelligence (AI): The ability of a machine to complete tasks
which ordinarily require human intelligence.
8. Austerity policies: A set of government-imposed economic policies to reduce
budget deficits. Measures can include tax increases and spending cuts.
9. Autocracy: A system of government in which supreme power over a state is
concentrated in the hands of one person.
10. Banking regulation: Government rules or regulations on how banks and
financial institutions should conduct business.
11. Bioenergy: Energy produced using biomass or biofuels, including energy from
wood or other plants, plant-derived biofuels, and organic waste.
12. Bodily autonomy: The right to govern what happens to one's own body.
13. Capitalism: An economic system in which the means of production are in
private ownership and operated for profit. It is characterised by the
accumulation of capital, investments determined by private decision, and the
fact that prices and the production and distribution of goods are primarily
determined by competition in a free market.
14. Carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM): A proposed tax to be imposed on
certain goods imported from outside the EU, based on their carbon footprint. The
CBAM would reduce emissions and encourage the use of domestically produced
goods.
15. Carbon capture and storage (CCS): A process which attempts to prevent the
release of large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere from
fossil fuel use in power generation and other industries. Waste CO2 is captured,
transported to a storage site, and pumped into underground geologic formations,
where it is securely stored away and thus prevented from reaching the
atmosphere.
16. Carbon neutral economy: An economy that operates without releasing more CO2
than can be absorbed by carbon sinks.
17. Carbon sink: Anything that absorbs more CO2 that it emits. Examples include
areas of vegetation (e.g. forests) and phytoplankton-rich seas, which naturally
absorb the CO2 present in the atmosphere.
18. Carbon tax: A tax paid by businesses that emit CO2 in the course of their
operations.
19. Carbon-intensive industries: Industries that emit high quantities of CO2 and
are responsible for the vast majority of CO2 emissions.
20. Care income: Remuneration received by non-professional carers such as family
members for their care work.
21. Circular economy: In contrast to the linear economy, a circular economy is
designed to eliminate waste, promote the continuous use of resources and
materials, and use finite resources in a sustainable way.
22. Citizen-initiated referendum: A referendum that can be initiated by a group
of citizens as opposed to referendums that are initiated by government and
elected bodies.
23. Civil disobedience: Active and professed refusal to obey certain laws,
governmental demands, or commands. Used as a nonviolent and usually collective
means of political action.
24. Common Agricultural Policy: The agricultural policy of the European Union,
introduced in 1962. It now consists of a system of agricultural subsidies as
well as other programmes.
25. Commons: Cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a
society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth.
These resources are held in common as opposed to being under private ownership.
26. Comprehensive urban planning: A process that determines community goals and
development aspirations as a first step. Areas such as transportation,
utilities, land use, recreation, and housing are all considered.
27. Conversion therapy: The use of any of various methods in an attempt to
change a person’s sexual orientation to heterosexual, or to change a person’s
gender identity to correspond to the sex they were assigned at birth. Conversion
therapy is not based on scientific evidence and is ineffective and harmful.
28. Cooperative business model: A membership-based business model in which a
group of people with a specific need are willing to work together to found and
operate a jointly owned company that will meet that need.
29. Corporate tax: A tax that companies are required to pay on the profits they
make.
30. Corrida: Bullfight.
31. Council of the European Union: Decision-making body of the EU made up of
ministers of EU Member States. Together with the European Parliament, it amends
and approves the legislative proposals of the European Commission.
32. Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU): The judicial branch of the
EU. It ensures that the legislation agreed upon is interpreted and implemented
identically across all Member States, and that such implementation is in
compliance with that legislation. The CJEU also deals with legal disputes
between Member States and the EU institutions and, in certain cases, between
businesses, organisations or individuals and the EU institutions.
33. Cybersecurity: The application of technologies, processes, and controls to
protect systems, networks, programmes, devices, and data from cyberattacks.
34. Debt forgiveness: The total cancelation of debt owed by individuals,
corporations, or states.
35. Degrowth: A concept that critiques a global capitalist system pursuing
growth at all costs, causing human exploitation and environmental destruction.
It advocates for societies to prioritise social and ecological well-being
instead of corporate profits, overproduction, and excess consumption.
36. De-monopolise: Break up existing monopolies.
37. Dichotomy of binary gender: The classification of gender into two distinct,
opposite forms of masculine and feminine, whether by social system or cultural
belief.
38. Digitalisation: The use of digital technologies to improve business
processes. Digitalisation may change business models and provide new revenue and
value-producing opportunities. Also the process of moving to a digital business
model.
39. Dolphinarium: A pool or aquarium for dolphins and other aquatic mammals,
allowing them to be on public display.
40. Doughnut economics: An economic model which places emphasis on balance
between socio-ecological systems and highlights the importance of serving one
without excessively damaging the other, remaining within a safe and just space
for humanity.
41. Dublin system: An EU mechanism that determines which Member State is
responsible for the examination of an asylum application submitted by someone
seeking international protection within the EU under the Geneva Convention.
42. Economic growth: An increase in the production of goods and services,
compared from one time period to another.
43. Economy for Common Good: A social movement advocating for an alternative
economic model. It calls for working towards the common good and cooperation as
values above profit-orientation and competition.
44. Electric pulse fishing: A fishing technique sometimes used which uses
electric shocks to catch fish.
45. Energy poverty: The lack of access to modern energy services.
46. Erasmus: Erasmus+ (formerly known as Erasmus) is a programme to support
mobility and cooperation opportunities in higher education, vocational education
and training, school education, adult education, youth work and sport. Best
known for its university exchange programme.
47. Erasmus+: See Erasmus.
48. EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: Legally binding charter that sets out the
rights and liberties of everyone in the European Union.
49. EU minimum wage scheme: Proposed EU directive on the introduction of a
minimum wage for workers in the European Union to ensure a decent living.
50. EU Rights and Values programme: The programme aims to protect the rights and
values enshrined in the EU treaties by supporting civil society organisations
and encouraging civic and democratic participation.
51. EU4Health programme: The EU’s response to the COVID-19 crisis. The largest
ever EU programme within the health sector, EU4Health aims to increase
preparedness for cross-border health threats, as well as strengthen health
systems across the EU.
52. European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML): European
convention for the protection and promotion of languages used by traditional
minorities.
53. European Commission: The executive branch of the European Union. Responsible
for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties,
and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.
54. European Convention on Human Rights: An international convention to protect
human rights and political freedoms in Europe, adopted in the framework of the
Council of Europe and that is enforced by the European Court of Human Rights..
55. European Council: EU institution which defines the general political
direction and priorities of the European Union. It comprises the heads of state
or government of Member States, the Commission president, and the president of
the European Council.
56. European External Action Service (EEAS): The diplomatic service of the EU.
57. European Parliament: Directly elected EU body that has legislative power,
budgetary power, and control over other EU institutions such as the European
Commission.
58. European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO): Independent office responsible
for investigating, prosecuting, and bringing to judgment crimes against the EU
budget.
59. Federal Europe: The transformation of the EU from a confederation (union of
sovereign states) to a federation with a central government.
60. Feminism: A range of social movements, political movements, and ideologies
that aim to establish gender equality in society.
61. Fish aggregating devices: An object used to attract fish such as marlin,
tuna and dolphins. Widely used in the industrial fishing of tuna, it is accused
of increasing the fishing of juveniles, bycatches of sensitive species as well
as creating marine litter.
62. Food security: The ability for all people, at all times, to have physical,
social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets
their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life.
63. Food sovereignty: A concept developed by farmers based on the right of
people to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically
sound and sustainable methods, and the right of communities to control the way
food is produced, traded, and consumed. It could create a food system that is
designed to help people and the environment rather than to generate profits for
multinational corporations.
64. Force-feeding: A feeding technique used in the production of foie gras. A
nutritional substance is given to the goose by means of a small plastic feeding
tube passed through the nose or mouth into the stomach. As a result, their
livers become massively enlarged.
65. Fracked gas: Gas obtained through the use of fracking. Fracking is the
process of drilling down into the earth before a high-pressure water mixture is
directed at the rock to release the gas inside.
66. Freedom of movement: The right to travel, work, and live in a country, as
well as the unconditional right to leave and re-enter.
67. Freedom to stay: The right to remain in the country of one’s choosing.
68. Frontex: The European Border and Coast Guard Agency. An EU agency, Frontex
is responsible for border control of the European Schengen Area, in coordination
with the national border and coast guards of Schengen Area Member States.
69. Gender-based violence: Harmful acts directed at an individual based on their
gender. It is rooted in gender inequality, the abuse of power, and harmful
norms.
70. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Animals, plants, or microbes whose
DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
71. Genital mutilation: A procedure that typically includes the total or partial
excision of external genitalia. Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves the
partial or total removal of external female genitalia or other injury to the
female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is recognised internationally
as a violation of the human rights of girls and women.
72. Genuine progress indicator (GPI): A national-level indicator that provides
information on sustainable economic welfare, rather than just economic activity.
GPI has been suggested to replace or supplement GDP.
73. Geoengineering (also known as climate engineering): The deliberate
manipulation of the Earth's climate to counteract the effects of global warming
from greenhouse gas emissions.
74. Globalisation: The growing integration and interdependence of the world's
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in
goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and
information.
75. Greenwashing: A superficial or insincere display of concern for the
environment, usually in order to gain business advantage.
76. Gross domestic product (GDP): The market value of all the final goods and
services produced within the geographic boundaries of a country within a
specified time period, normally a year.
77. Heteronormativity: A discourse which is based on the assumption that
heterosexuality is the norm and privileges this over any other form of sexual
orientation.
78. Homophobia: A range of negative attitudes and feelings towards homosexuality
or people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian, gay, or bisexual, as
well as systemic discrimination against them.
79. Housing First: An approach to tackling homelessness in which permanent
housing is seen as a person’s first and primary need and is provided without any
preconditions.
80. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A virus that attacks the immune system.
If not treated, HIV can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
81. Human security: A security concept that redirects focus from the security of
states to insecurities in people’s daily lives, such as the threat of hunger,
disease, crime, environmental degradation, and issues related to the labour
market.
82. Illegal pushbacks: Illegal cross-border expulsions without due process.
83. Illiberal democracy: A governing system in which, although elections take
place, citizens are cut off from knowledge about the activities of those who
exercise real power because of the lack of civil liberties.
84. Illiberalism: See “illiberal democracy":
85. Imperialism: The policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and
dominion of a nation, especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by
gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas.
86. Informed consent: Agreement or permission to take a particular course of
action granted in full knowledge of the possible effects or results.
87. International Monetary Fund (IMF): A multilateral institution that lends
money to governments with the aim of stabilising currencies and maintaining
order in international financial markets.
88. Intersectionality: A way of understanding how people’s overlapping
identities impact the way they experience oppression and discrimination.
89. Intersex people: Intersex is an umbrella term for differences in sex traits
or reproductive anatomy. Intersex people are born with these differences or
develop them in childhood. There are many possible variations in genitalia,
hormones, internal anatomy, and chromosome patterns.
90. Islamophobia: A range of negative attitudes and feelings towards people who
practise Islam or are perceived as Muslims, as well as systemic discrimination
against them.
91. Istanbul Convention: The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and
combating violence against women and domestic violence. A legally binding treaty
aiming to put an end to violence against women and domestic violence.
92. Just transition: A framework developed to encompass a range of social
interventions needed to secure workers' rights and livelihoods when economies
are shifting to sustainable production, primarily combating climate change and
protecting biodiversity.
93. Kerosene: A clear flammable liquid primarily obtained from petroleum,
commonly used as a fuel for jet engines.
94. Legalisation of drugs: Drug production and commercialisation is legal under
specific conditions that are controlled by the government.
95. Lethal Autonomous Weapons (LAWs): A type of autonomous military system that
can independently search for and engage targets based on programmed constraints
and descriptions.
96. Level playing field: A state in which conditions in a competition or
situation are fair for everyone.
97. LGBTQIA+: An initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans,
queer, intersex, and asexual, as well as other gender, sexual, or romantic
minorities.
98. Linear economy: An economic model based on the assumption of a constant
supply of raw materials, resulting in a “take-make-dispose” mentality.
99. Mass data retention: The collection and storage of data on individuals and
their online behaviour by governments and businesses .
100. Medically assisted procreation (MAP): A generic term for any of a range of
techniques that manipulate an egg and/or sperm to bring about fertilisation.
101. Metadata: Data that provides information about other data.
102. Militarism: The belief that a country should maintain a strong military
capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national
interests.
103. Monopoly: A company, person or state that has (near) complete control over
the supply of or trade in a commodity or service, meaning that it is impossible
for others to become involved in it.
104. Multilateralism: In international relations, multilateralism refers to an
alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal.
105. Neocolonialism: The use of economic, political, cultural, or other
pressures to control or influence other countries, especially formerly colonised
ones.
106. Neoliberalism: A political and economical ideology, associated with
economic liberalism and free-market capitalism. It supports privatization,
deregulation, free trade, austerity and reductions in government spending.
107. Net neutrality: The principle that internet service providers (ISPs) should
treat all data equally. According to this principle, ISPs may not intentionally
prioritise certain types of online traffic and block or meter others.
108. Nuclear energy: EEnergy that is produced from nuclear reactions.
109. Nuclear fusion: A process in which two or more atoms are combined to form
one or more atomic nuclei and subatomic particles, producing energy. Research is
being funded into the use of this energy in electricity production, for example
through the ITER programme.
110. Open source-based platforms: Software that is publicly licensed and
designed with available source code, granting users the right to use, copy,
study, change, and improve its structure or design.
111. Oppression: Unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power.
112. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): An
international organisation with the mandate to stimulate economic progress and
world trade.
113. Own resources: The EU’s main sources of revenue comprising duties and
levies, value added tax, and national contributions.
114. Palliative care: Medical and related care provided to a seriously ill
patient to manage symptoms, relieve pain and discomfort, improve quality of
life, and meet the emotional, social, and spiritual needs of the patient.
115. Paperless person: A person who does not have any proof of their legal
identity or status.
116. Parental leave: Time off from employment granted to parents to care for a
child following its birth or adoption. Employers are required to hold employees’
jobs for the duration of the leave period. Parental leave is sometimes unpaid.
FYEG supports fully paid parental leave.
117. Paris Agreement: A legally binding international treaty on climate change
mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016. Its primary goal is to
limit the global average temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above
pre-industrial levels, in addition to pursuing efforts to limit the increase to
1.5 degrees.
118. Parliamentary system: A democratic system of governance in which the
executive has the direct or indirect support of a democratically elected
parliament, and is held accountable to that parliament.
119. Participatory budgeting: A process of democratic deliberation and decision-
making in which citizens decide how to allocate part of a municipal or public
budget.
120. Patriarchy: A social system in which men hold primary power.
121. Pesticide: A chemical substance or biological agent used to deter,
incapacitate, or kill certain insects, mammals, wild plants, and other unwanted
organisms.
122. Physical communications infrastructure: The network of interconnected
resources (cables, switches, towers, antennae, etc.) upon which broadcasting,
telecommunication, and internet services are operated.
123. Pink tax: The tendency for products marketed specifically toward women to
be more expensive than those marketed for men.
124. Platform workers: Workers that are put in contact with customers through
online and are paid for each completed task rather than employed through regular
work contracts with social protections.
125. Pluralistic society: A society in which members of diverse ethnic, racial,
religious, and social groups are able to maintain and develop their unique
cultural identities, with the acceptance of the dominant culture, provided these
are consistent with the laws and values of wider society.
126. Poverty line: The minimum level of personal or family income deemed
adequate in a particular country, below which one is classified as poor
according to governmental standards.
127. Presidential system: A system of government in which the president is
constitutionally independent of the legislature and holds most executive power.
128. Privilege: Special status or advantages conferred on certain groups at the
expense of other groups.
129. Productivism: The theory that increasing productivity is the primary goal
of socio-economic activity.
130. Profit maximisation: The process by which a firm determines the price,
input, and output level that returns the greatest profit.
131. Progressive taxation: A tax system based on the taxpayer’s ability to pay.
Low-income earners pay a lower rate of tax than those with higher incomes.
132. Proportional representation: An electoral system in which the number of
seats held by a political group or party within a legislative body is
proportional to the number of votes received.
133. Public housing: Low-rent housing owned, sponsored, or administered by the
state.
134. Qualified majority: One of the voting systems used by the Council of the
European Union to take decisions (the others being simple majority and unanimous
vote). The usual qualified majority is reached when 55% of Member States
representing at least 65% of the total EU population vote in favour. In special
cases, the figure rises to 72% of Member States representing at least 65% of the
EU population.
135. Queer: An umbrella term for gender, sexual and romantic minorities who are
not heterosexual, heteronormative, or gender-binary.
136. Quota (diversity and inclusion): A policy requiring a certain number or
share of minority group members or women on boards, shortlists, etc., in order
to make institutions and businesses more representative.
137. Racialised people: Individuals who have been ascribed a racial identity for
the purpose of continued domination, discrimination, and social exclusion.
138. Racism: The systemic discrimination and oppression of people on the basis
of their supposed membership of particular racial or ethnic groups, built
through the perpetuation of prejudices and the belief that there are different
races, some of which are superior to others.
139. Relocalising the economy: Establishing a network of small businesses in the
local area to fulfil basic needs rather than relying on national or global
corporate monopolies.
140. Repairability: The extent to which an object is able to be repaired.
141. Representative recall: A process through which voters can remove elected
officials before their official terms have ended.
142. Right to be forgotten: The right of an individual to have private
information on them deleted so that third persons can no longer trace them.
143. Right to challenge: An option offered in some countries allowing citizens
to call for a referendum challenging a decision taken by the parliament or the
government.
144. Right to disconnect: The right to digitally disconnect from work without
facing negative repercussions.
145. Right to self-determination: The right for people, based on respect for the
principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, to freely choose
their sovereignty and international political status with no interference.
146. Rule of law: The principle that all persons, institutions, and entities are
subject to the law, including lawmakers, law enforcement officials, and judges.
147. Rule of law mechanism: Preventive tool to promote the rule of law and
provide options in the event of breaches by Member States, for example the
suspension of EU funding.
148. Schengen Area: An area in which all member countries have agreed to abolish
controls at internal borders and create a single external border.
149. Secrecy of correspondence: A fundamental legal principle guaranteeing that
sealed correspondence will not be opened and the content will not be revealed to
anyone but the addressee.
150. Secular state: A state that is neutral in matters of religion.
151. Sixth mass extinction: An ongoing mass extinction event of wildlife on
Earth as a result of human activity, in particular over the last century.
152. Social justice: The objective of social justice is to create a fair and
equal society in which each individual matters, their rights are recognised and
protected and in which wealth is fairly distributed.
153. Social stratification: The hierarchical structures of class and status in
any society.
154. Speculation (financial): Investment, in particular on the housing market,
involving high financial risk but also the possibility of significant gain.
155. Subsidiarity principle: A principle according to which social and political
issues should be dealt with at the most immediate (or local) level that is
consistent with their resolution.
156. Targeted advertising: Internet advertising that delivers customised adverts
to consumers based on their behaviour on the internet.
157. Tax avoidance: The arrangement of one's financial affairs to minimise tax
liability within the law.
158. Tax haven: A country or place which offers foreign individuals and
companies very low tax rates. People choose to live there or register companies
there to avoid paying higher tax in their own countries.
159. Taxation of financial transactions: A tax that is applied to all financial
transactions, just as tax is paid on all other transactions, services, and
goods.
160. Tech giants: The largest and most dominant companies in the information
technology industry.
161. Too big to fail: Companies and business, particularly banks, that are so
interconnected and so large that their failure would have a serious impact on
the economic system, and that therefore require rescuing by governments in the
event of potential failure.
162. Trade union: An organisation formed primarily by workers in order to
represent their rights and interests to their employers.
163. Trans people: People who have a gender identity or gender expression that
differs from the sex that they were assigned at birth. People whose gender
identity matches the sex that they were assigned at birth are referred to as
cisgender or cis people.
164. Transphobia: A range of negative attitudes and feelings towards transgender
people, as well as the systemic discrimination against them.
165. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons: An international agreement to
comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons with the ultimate goal being their
total elimination.
166. Trickle-down theory: A theory according to which financial benefits given
to large businesses and the wealthy will in turn trickle down to smaller
businesses and consumers.
167. Two degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels: One of the
objectives of the Paris Agreement is to keep a global temperature rise well
below this level. Global temperature rises are usually calculated compared to
“pre-industrial levels”, meaning before the unusual rise in global temperature
observed since the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
168. UN 2030 Agenda: A resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly which
focuses on achieving 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aim to end
poverty and hunger, combat inequalities, and create a peaceful, just,
sustainable, and inclusive society.
169. UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural
Areas: Declaration adopted in 2018 by the UN General Assembly which recognises
the rights of farmers and people living in rural areas. These include the right
to nature, seeds, land, water, biodiversity, health, education, and housing, as
well as labour rights and cultural rights.
170. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): An international treaty
signed in 1992 which sets a framework to address climate change at a global
level. Regular international negotiations have been organised under the aegis of
the treaty which led to the adoption, among others, of the Tokyo Protocol and
the Paris Agreement.
171. UN Security Council: One of the six principal organs of the UN system, the
UN Security Council is responsible for maintaining peace and security. Its
resolutions are legally binding.
172. Unanimity: The agreement of all.
173. Unconscious bias: An attitude or stereotype that an individual
unconsciously associates with another person or group of people.
174. Unemployment benefit: A payment made at regular intervals to an unemployed
person.
175. Unilateralism: An approach in which a country decides on a policy or course
of action on its own, without regard to the interests of other states, outside
agreement or support, or reciprocity.
176. Universal basic income (UBI): A periodic payment provided to all on an
individual basis, without means testing or work requirements.
177. Upload filters: Automated decision-making tools that scan files uploaded to
a particular platform in order to determine if these violate the platform’s
guidelines and rules.
178. Uranium: A chemical element widely used in nuclear power plants and nuclear
weapons
179. Vocational colleges: Post-secondary educational establishments that offer
teaching and practical experience in skilled trades.
180. Waste heat recovery: The use of the surplus heat produced by processes
whose main aim is not heat production.
181. Wealth tax: A tax based on the value of the assets owned by a taxpayer.
182. White privilege: The societal privilege that benefits white people over
non-white people in some societies.
183. World Bank: A multilateral financial institution that lends money to
governments and government agencies for development projects.
184. Xenophobia: A range of negative attitudes and feelings towards foreigners
or people who are perceived as foreign, as well as systemic discrimination
against them.
185. Zoonotic diseases: Any infection or disease that is transmitted to humans
from animals.
X. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) exists to unify the command structures of the militaries that are a part of it and provide territorial defence to Europe by the United States.